In this month’s column, I want to highlight the key signs and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This disorder is one of the most common in children and can continue through adolescence and into adulthood. The average age for onset of ADHD is 7 years old. Boys are also four times as likely than girls to acquire this disorder.
According the National Institute of Mental Illness (NIMI), it is normal for children to have some degree of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity which are the key behaviors of ADHD. What separates normal behaviors from ADHD behaviors are the severity and the length of the symptoms. Typically, if symptoms last six months or longer, with prolonged symptoms greater than other children of the same age then ADHD is identified. If not treated, these behaviors can also occur more severely and more often as the child continue to grow.
Children who have inattention may:
• Have difficulty focusing on one thing
• Struggle to follow instructions
• Often daydream and move slowly
• Does not seem to listen when being spoken to
Children who have the symptoms of hyperactivity may:
• Be very talkative
• Have difficulty doing activities quietly
• Squirm in their seats
• Be constantly in motion
Children who have symptoms of impulsivity may:
• Show their emotions without control
• Be less likely to be patient
• Display disruptive behavior during activities or task
• Have difficulty waiting their turn during group activities
According to the NIMI, ADHD can often be mistaken for other illnesses. Parents and teachers will sometimes miss children with symptoms of an inattention disorder because they are less likely to act out and are quiet. These children will often get along with other children, but will have social problems throughout adolescence and adulthood. Although this mistaken diagnosis is common, ADHD is not the only condition for which symptoms can be misdiagnosed.
ADHD symptoms usually appear at the earlier stages of life. Children often have different personalities, energy levels and mature at different times. When diagnosing a child with ADHD, a doctor will check previous medical records and school behaviors, In addition to asking a few questions that will help target this mental disorder. Some of the questions a doctor might ask include:
• Are the child’s behaviors excessive?
• Are the child’s behaviors continuous or temporary?
• Is the child experiencing any learning disabilities?
• Do behaviors occur in different settings or in one place?
Being a physician, I am often asked what causes ADHD. This is a complicated question with no easy answers. Many studies have suggested that genes play a large role. Like many other illnesses, ADHD probably results from a combination of factors. In addition to genetics, researchers are looking at possible environmental factors and are studying how brain injuries, nutrition and social environment might contribute to ADHD.
Treating ADHD has also gained lots of national attention. Physicians will typically use a combination of treatment options to reduce symptoms. Treatments include medication, various types of psychotherapy, education or training, or a combination of treatments. It is important to note that there is no cure. However, the above treatment options can be very successful.
As always, if you suspect your child may have any of the symptoms outlined, in this article please contact your child’s doctor or a licensed professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Nydia Nunez-Estrada, M.D.
Family Medicine
Eskenazi Health Center